Juveniles and The Death Penalty Essay - 1604 Words

Juveniles and The Death Penalty *No Works Cited One of the most controversial issues in the rights of juveniles today is addressed in the question, Should the death penalty be applied to juveniles? For nearly a century the juvenile courts have existed to shield the majority of juvenile offenders from the full weight of criminal law and to protect their entitled special rights and immunities. In the case of kent vs. United states in 1996, Justice Fortas stated some of these special rights which include; Protection from publicity, confinement only to twenty-one years of age, no confinement with adults, and protection against the consequences of adult conviction such as the loss of civil rights, the use of adjudication against him†¦show more content†¦The constitutionality of the juvenile death penalty reached a settlement in 1988 in the case of Thompson v. Oklahoma when four Supreme Court Justices reached the conclusion that: persons under sixteen years of age cannot be sentenced to death (Thompson v. Oklahoma, 1988). Justi ce Stevens, Brennan, Marshall, and Blackmun considered these important issues as they were deliberating on the case: (1) Does a national consensus forbidding executions of juveniles exist?; (2) the extent to which the laws of other Western European nations prohibit or permit the execution of juveniles, and the opinions of respected professional organizations; (3) the degree to which the juveniles should be held responsible for their actions; (4) Whether the execution of juveniles contributed to the retributive or deterrent goals of punishment; and (5) Whether the small number of juveniles executed represents the waton and freakish application of the death penalty as condemned by Justice Stewart in Furman V. Georgia (Furman v. Georgia, 1972: 2763, Thompson v. Oklahoma, 1988: 487 U.S. 815). Following the decision, thirty eight states and the federal government created statutes authorizing the death penalty for certain forms of murder and other capital offenses ( Streib 1 of 2). Thomp son v. Oklahoma held that no state within the minimum age line within its death penalty can go below the age of sixteen. Presently, fifteen states have chosen the min age of eighteen, four states have chosenShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty For Juveniles946 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty for minors differs greatly from the death penalty for adult. The law that minor could be put on death row was decided to rule against the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment prohibits the act of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which putting minors on death row breaks. On March 4, 2005 the law that minors could not be put on death row for their actions was set into place. The new laws say, â€Å"They cannot punish a minor by death penalty and they cannot punish someone for a crimeRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles1169 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper: Death Penalty for Juveniles Capital punishment for juveniles is one of the most controversial topics to ever be explored in society and in the criminal justice system. The death penalty is a rare occurrence amongst juveniles since it is so arguable as to whether they should be tried as adults. Lynn Cothern from the Juvenile Justice Resource Center suggests that â€Å"the primary purpose of the juvenile justice system is to hold juvenile offenders accountable for delinquent acts whileRead MoreThe Death Penalty and Juveniles2945 Words   |  12 PagesThe Death Penalty and Juveniles CJA433 The Death Penalty and Juveniles In the United States, the death penalty is an issue because of its controversies. Some people see it as a punishment. Some people say â€Å"an eye for an eye,† and believe this is the way to stop youth offenders from following the path of crimes such as murders. This does not only pertain to the youth but also to the adults. Others believe the death penalty to be cruel and unusual punishment even for the adults. In the law, juvenilesRead MoreJuvenile and the Death Penalty1817 Words   |  8 PagesENG101 Dr. Ankerberg March 6, 2007 Essay #2 Juveniles and the Death Penalty Today, minors are using their age as a shield against capital punishment. Adolescents believe that since they are not eighteen they will not be punished for the crimes they commit. The death penalty is appropriate for juveniles in certain circumstances, such as murder and brutal crimes that are considered capital offenses. The rate at which the death penalty is carried out, as well as inconstancies in sentencingRead MoreJuvenile Death Penalty Essay1353 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Death Penalty One of the most controversial questions in the juvenile justice system today is, Should the death penalty be applied to juveniles?†. A lot of people think that the death penalty for juveniles is cruel and unusual punishment and should only be used for adults. The crimes that juveniles commit are as dangerous and as violent as adult crimes. People argue that the adolescent brain does not mature until the late teens or early twenties, and that death penalty should not be theRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Death Penalty1824 Words   |  8 PagesDeath at 18? One of the most controversial issues in the country today is addressed in the question, Should the death penalty be applied to juveniles, and if so how young is too young? The death penalty has been in the United States for many, many years, and the United States still has yet to figure out how to solve all its dilemmas and whether or not the penalty is right or wrong. Debates about the use of the death penalty for juveniles have grown more intense because of the recent demand forRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Death Penalty3656 Words   |  15 Pagesunconstitutional to sentence a juvenile under the age of 18 to the death penalty. Before, Roper v. Simmons, in Thompson v. Oklahoma it had been decided that only those under the age of 16 could not be considered for the death penalty. Were these decisions correct? If an adolescent can commit such a heinous crime as homicide should they not also be able then to handle the consequences? The other side of the argument against the juvenile dea th penalty states that juveniles do not have the same reasoningRead MoreEssay on No Death Penalty for Juveniles2164 Words   |  9 Pagesthat the death penalty is, â€Å"the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime.† Capital crimes array from murder to drug trafficking. In the United States the death penalty is mostly administered towards first-degree murder, with non-murder crimes varying by state. â€Å"Currently, only 58 nations actively practice the death penalty, with 96 countries having abolished it, the remainder have not used the death penalty for 10 years or only allow for death in exceptionalRead MoreThe Juvenile Death Penalty: A Case For It1583 Words   |  7 Pagesschool with a 3.5 accumulative grade point average, pulling a 4.0 grade point average from the time of my expulsion on. I walked across the same stage as the athletes, the band geeks, the book worms and the teacher’s pets. An expelled student with a juvenile record walked across the same stage as the full ride scholarship earners and the Valedictorians. Today, I am attending the University of Northern Colorado, double majoring in Criminal Justice and Psychology. I received a 3.4 grade point average myRead More Death Penalty Applied to Juveniles Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesDeath Penalty Applied to Juveniles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1643 a sixteen year old boy was put to death for sodomizing a cow. Three hundred and fifty years later, sixteen states have legitimized the execution of juveniles. Four of those twelve states have lowered the legal age of execution to twelve. For whatever reasons the death penalty has been supported by the public since this countrys existence. In this day and age of increasing violence, both juvenile and adult, it is time to re-examine the use

Hamlets Existential Crisis - 1429 Words

When looking at Hamlet, one could say that William Shakespeare put the play together as a very cathartic tragedy. The emotional result of dealing with so many deaths brings on a plethora of emotions which are not usually felt in a typical play. Hamlet begins not with the normal prosperity and good fortune as do most tragedies, but with a more stifling and depressing sort of mood (Tekany 115). However, something else could be said about this play as well. The play centers on Hamlet and his existential characteristics, such as angst, isolation and his confrontations with nothingness. The exhibition of these characteristics proves Hamlet to be an existential character. The idea of Hamlets fathers (King Hamlet of Denmark) passing is what begins the cycle of existential thoughts and feelings within him. From the conflict raging inside Hamlet, stemming from the loss of his father, blooms the beginnings of a bigger, overall existential conflict that soon leads to his cathartic downfall. He visits places filled with nothingness and abhorrence with a sense of frailty and pulsating frustration. Hamlet’s existential crisis begins with the death of his father and the remarrying of his mother. At this point, for Hamlet, the questions start pouring in; â€Å"to be or not to be† (Hamlet 3.1.57), and so on. From questioning his existence and fighting with himself about the purpose of his life begins to show the beginnings of the existential crisis that is soon to consume him. Also, thisShow MoreRelatedHamlet Liberation In Death Analysis1098 Words   |  5 PagesLiberation in Death: Hamlet’s Existential Struggle in Hamlet What is the meaning of life? Who am I? What is my purpose? These are open existential inquiries that both modern and ancient philosophers have yet to answer certainly. Unquestionably, the philosophy of existentialism is an interesting theory and psychological phenomenon. Existentialism is a philosophy promulgated in the 20th century that holds that every person exists first and his nature, or essence, comes about later through the mannerRead MoreMeaning Of Existentialism In Hamlet1446 Words   |  6 Pageswhich he becomes aware of his alienation from the human condition, thus exemplifying the existentialist essence of the play write. The central concern of Hamlet is also the question of all man, †What a piece of work is a man!’’(2.2.296), and the existential quest for being is equally central to hamlet. He is the man obsessed with the pursuit of being, for him the question is â€Å"To be or not to be†(3.1. 56). His being is confounded by the purpose of his life, which he gradually realizes is to avenge hisRead MoreHamlet Interpersonal Conflict Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagessignifying the loss of his father, and the audience got its first glimpse on the depth of Hamlets depression. The imagery of Hamlet continuing to wear the black clothes shows how Hamlet had a lot of admiration for his Father and his loss caused him to go into a great depression. Even after his introduction, Hamlet’s depression gets further revealed when Claudius notes that â€Å"the clouds still hang†(I, ii,66) around Hamlets personality. Hamlet even replies that his inner sorrow is so great that hi s dourRead MoreBipolar Disorder in Hamlet896 Words   |  4 Pagesthe play, Hamlet’s father had been recently murdered by his uncle, whom his mother has also recently married. These are the main reasons why Hamlet has also shown serious signs of major depressive disorder as well, which can often go hand-in-hand with bipolar disorder. Since there are several types of bipolar disorder, depending on the type of symptoms the patient is experiencing, the symptoms may vary. However, some symptoms of bipolar disorder are shared throughout all types. Hamlet’s symptomsRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1184 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander W.). He attempts convincing everyone around him that he is in love with her, just so he can get closer to Claudius. Whether Ophelia herself was actually mad or not, this led to her death because Gertrude either killed her while believing Hamlet’s lie or she killed herself because of his cruel methods. When Hamlet is on the ship, he also successfully deceives the king of England into executing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. This shows not only his cleverness, but just how ruthless he is wellRead MoreThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay4201 Words   |  17 Pagesis Prufrock? What does he unknowingly reveal? Hamlet, to whom Prufrock feels inferior, contemplates things like murder and the secrets of the universe. Prufrock, though equally fraught with existential malaise, is more pathetic, as his contemplative nature lacks any of the dramatic interest of Hamlet’s. The simple act of eating a peach is something that consumes his conscience in bitter inner debate. In the end, too, unlike Prufrock, Hamlet actually did something. Though it took the prospect of

Intellectual Property of Lasik Surgery Free Essays

The procedure of Lasik Surgery is an innovative technique that could provide life lasting changes to individuals afflicted with ophthalmic disorders.   Patents continue to develop and new and improved technologies released.  Ã‚   In considering and evaluating the intellectual property of Lasik surgery, it is important to look at the procedure from a variety of angles so as to better understand the complexity of the process. We will write a custom essay sample on Intellectual Property of Lasik Surgery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lasik surgery is a privately owned business.   Additionally, private as well as public owned corporations have the ability to research and investigate new procedures in Lasik Surgery.   As a procedure is released, individual practitioners are eligible to practice the business if they have the correct licensures.   The procedure of Lasik Surgery is FDA approved, and all patents to further develop and improve upon Lasik surgery procedures must also be approved by the FDA.   Furthermore, while the Lasik Surgery business is privately owned, it is still subject to the legal regulations of the Federal trade commission. There are countless patents involving Lasik Surgery and its technological improvements.   As of Fall 2003, VISK and Summitt were the only two companies authorized by the FDA to hold Lasik Surgery patents.   Recently, the companies of Summitt Technology and VISX were charged with price fixing and violating the standards of the Federal Trade Commission.  Ã‚   As a result of the price scandals reveled by the FTC, patents became released to the patent pool, but were still subject to veto power by VISK and Summitt (Perry, 2003).   As a result of the release to the public pool, the competing patents would no longer be held by a single entity (FTC.gov, 1998). There are several individual physician that can also hold ophthalmic patents.   For example, Dr. Richard Lindstrom, Founding Manager of Minnesota Eye Consultants, holds twenty-eight patents involving ophthalmology and improvements in laser procedures (Minnesota Eye Consultants, 2006). At current time, there is no approval for the development of generic Lasik procedure products.   This is due to the sensitive nature of the industry, as a generic procedure may cause harm to the patient and may not comply with all FDA regulated standards. One recently released patent related to Lasik Surgery was patent number 6,951,556.   This patent was issued to an individual by the name of Robert L. Epstein, MD.   Dr. Epstein is the director of 800-I-CAN-SEE, the Mercy Center for Corrective Eye Surgery in McHenry, Illinois. The release of the patent provides a new way for physicians to correct off-center laser ablations that periodically occur as a result of the Lasik procedure.   As a result of the patent, correction of off-center laser ablations can now be incorporated into newer laser correction machines (Epstein, 2005). The Lasik Surgery industry is an evolving and constantly improving technology.   It is important to understand the intellectual property laws and patent regulations so as to determine what the future holds for the industry.   It will be interesting to see what changes result from the increased privatization of the Lasik Surgery process. References Epsetin, Robert (2005).   New Patent for Correcting Centering of Lasik Vision  Ã‚  Ã‚   Treatments.   Retrieved October 20,  Ã‚   2006 from http://eye.taragana.net/archive/new-patent-for-correcting-centering-of-lasik-vision-treatments/ FTC.gov (1998).   FTC Charges Two Firms that Control that Market for Laser Eye Surgery with Price-Fixing Conspiracy.   Retrived October 20, 2006 from http://www.ftc.gov/opa/1998/03/eye.htm Minnesota Eye Consultants (2006).   Laser Vision Correction.   Retrieved October 20, 2006 from http://www.seewithlasik.com/docs/lasik-minneapolis.html. Perry, Martin (2003).   Laser Eye Surgery Patent Pool.   Retrieved October 20, 2006 from http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:qadHX0VPSOQJ:econweb.rutgers.edu/perry/389/lectures/PPTB389.F03.PatentPools.doc+number+of+lasik+surgery+patentshl=engl=usct=clnkcd=11. How to cite Intellectual Property of Lasik Surgery, Essay examples

Housing Market in the UK

Question: The British housing market has "deep, deep" problems, according to the Governor of the Bank of England. In an interview with Sky's Murnaghan show, Mark Carney warned that rising house prices represented the biggest current risk to the economy.He added that the number of large mortgages being approved to house buyers was on the rise and that the UK was in need of new house building. Mr Carney said: "The issue around the housing market in the UK is there are not sufficient (numbers of) houses (being) built." One of the biggest issues of the UK economy if the constant changes in the housing market. Using the above article passage and any other you may research, write a report analysing what are, the main reasons for those changes. Is the microeconomic or the macroeconomic environment the one that affects prices most? Are the property market challenges linked more to supply or demand?, or maybe we have to consider macroeconomic issues like the exchanges rates, growth and unemployment? Answer: Introduction: The key role in the economy is played by the housing market. It exercises its influence on the economy through output growth, stability in the financial market and the monetary policy of transmission mechanism. The decision of the household to purchase a house is relevant to the economy as it involves a large part of the households income as well as the expenditure. The UK housing market is characterized as a volatile market. For the last few decades, the UK housing market has witnessed two major booms and busts. (Ons.gov.uk, 2015) The governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney in an interview with Skys Murnaghan show, has showed concern about the property boom which can pose a big risk to the Britains economic recovery. The house prices rose at the fastest rate in the more than six years and have ascended to 8.9% on a yearly basis. This rise in house price can be accounted for the shortage of new homes. The deep structural problem associated with the UK housing market can be tackled buy two factors. First, the bank must ensure enough reserves to resist the risks of bad loans associated with the downturn of the housing market. Second, there should be a check on the lending procedure and ensure that mortgages be sanctioned to those individuals who could afford them. (E-Residentials | Online Estate Agent, 2014) Reasons for changes in the housing market: The constant changes in the housing market are owing to several factors. These factors influence the housing market and alter the house price. Some of the reasons behind the changes in the housing market of the UK are: (Pettinger, 2011) Economic growth- It is regarded that the demand for house is income elastic as house is considered to be a luxuries good. Now as demand for house is dependent on the income, so as income decreases, people cannot buy houses and they are unable to make their mortgage payments ending up their houses to be taken in possession by the banks. The GDP growth of the UK in the third quarter of 2014 was 0.7% which made the nation the fastest growing G7 economy in spite of the economic slowdown. (Allen, 2014) This has resulted in the rise in income of the citizens which furthered raised the demand for house which ultimately hiked the house price. (Positive Money, 2013) Unemployment- The level of unemployment is associated with the economic growth in the UK. Since the UK experienced a GDP growth, the unemployment rate fell to 6% which is recorded to be the lowest. The employment rate rose to 73% which means that people have been employed. This drive in employment caused the incomes to rise resulting in an increased demand for house and this excess demand for houses increased the prices. (Monaghan and Inman, 2014) Interest rates- The year 2014 was marked with stable interest rate at 0.5% which enabled the purchase of new houses. The interest rate affects the monthly mortgage payment cost. If the interest rate is high, this would increase the mortgage payment. As a result, the demand for houses will fall. But since the interest rate did not rise in 2014 in the UK, people were willing to purchase houses, soaring up the demand for houses and thereby raising the price of the houses. (BBC News, 2014) Consumer confidence- The consumer confidence is very important for the sale and purchase of the house or taking the risk to mortgage them. In this regard the expectation towards the housing market is relevant. If people foresee that the price of the houses is rising then they will be willing to purchase them which will raise demand. Mortgage availability- According to the Bank of Englands latest Credit Conditions report, lenders in 2014 were willing to extend a rise in the availability of mortgages. The rise in the availability of mortgages with low deposits eased up the procedure for getting mortgage. This raised the demand for buying houses. (The Guardian, 2014) Supply- Mark Carney stated that the problem of shortage of new house could not be solved by the Central Bank. At 123,000 units per year, the rate of house building was well below the 200,000 which is considered by many economists as the minimum scale. Thus, the shortage of supply of houses led to a situation of excess demand which raised the price of the houses. (Inman, 2015) Microeconomics and macroeconomics factors affecting price: The basic determinants that affect the housing prices is the demand and supply of the houses but they are influenced by the microeconomics and macroeconomics factor. It is startling to see that how people are engaging themselves to investment in the real estate sector. It is also necessary to understand the impact of the macro and micro variables that can affect the decision of the purchase of the house. Some of the macro and micro factors that affect the housing prices are discussed below. (Tan, 2015) (Ft.com, 2015) Macroeconomic factors: Population growth considering foreign workforce and migration- The population growth rate in the UK in 2014 was recorded to be 0.54%. A population growth imposed pressure on the housing market. (Indexmundi.com, 2015) The increase in the new citizen and the shortage of houses resulted in a situation of excess demand, raising the price of the house. The Malthusian theory states that population of human grows at a geometric rate. The four stages of demographic transition also tell us a progressive change in phase from high birth rate high death rate to a phase of low birth and death rates. All these imply that even if there is little population growth, there is still not sufficient accommodation to absorb the new entrant. (Galor and Weil, 2000) Employment and wage growth- As there is an increase in the employment rate, there is also a growth in wage. This increases the income in the hands of the people which enhances the credit liability confidence. People will now take up loans or mortgage to purchase house. Thus, the demand rises and the property price rises. Construction costs- The conceptualization of several government policies extends to regulate the building projects and this make the developers more conscious about the building projects by delaying it. This causes a shortage in the supply of the house raising the price. The increase in construction cost and the price of raw materials may also raise the price of the house Financing properties- The smooth and easy access to mortgage and loan facilities by the people gear them up to buy properties. This raises the demand for houses and as a result price rises. This can be countered by restricting credit availabilities by government policies which could drive the price down. Land scarcity- The ever increasing population posed a threat to the availability of land. There evolved the issue of scarce land, which resulted in excess demand of land for accommodation. This created an excess demand for house and thus price rises. (McGrath, 2014) Exchange rate- the changes in the exchange rate influence people on their buying decision of property. The depreciation of exchange rate drives up the price of property in the foreign country and the opposite happens when appreciation takes place. Microeconomic factors: Location and amenities- An individual who is willing to buy a house would definitely consider the locality with amenities associated with the property like accessibility of expressways, shopping malls, markets, parks, food centre etc. All these location attractiveness changes the value or price of the house. Government plans- Government may chalk out plans for a particular location by advancement in infrastructures. This future plan associated with the location can drive up the property price. Building style- The architectural design of a house may affect its price. If the design of the house is unique and cannot be replicated then the value of the house increases. Taste and preferences- The taste and preferences of an individual os acquired by the level of education. This reflects the different types of choices of house depending upon the level of education received. It is the macroeconomic factors that increase the price sensitivity of the houses. The major issues like unemployment rate, population growth rate, and construction cost etc. affect the housing prices instantaneously. But the microeconomic factors are equally relevant to determine the prices of the housing sector. Property market challenges: The challenges faced by every market are associated with the demand and supply conditions. It is evident from the rising prices of the houses that there prevailed disequilibrium in the demand and supply conditions in the UK. The supply of houses was unable to keep pace with the demand for houses. A situation of excess demand crept up, driving the price of the house up. Thus there is an urgent need to expand the supply of housing. When the demand and supply conditions are regarded as the important factors to determine equilibrium in the housing market, it is equally important to focus on the macroeconomic and microeconomic factors that influence the demand and supply side of the housing industry. The macroeconomic and microeconomic factors like the economic growth, population growth, locations and amenities, government plans etc. all these affect the pricing of the houses. Thus, the challenges in the property market are influenced by the macroeconomic environment as well as the demand and supply side. (Economicsonline.co.uk, 2015) (UK Parliament, 2015) Conclusion: Our report is based on the analysis of the concern of the governor of Bank of England, Mark Carney. The rise in the price of the house is inevitable as far as there is a shortage in the supply of houses. This problem of supply shortage needs to be tackled by the providing subsidies to the private house builders, relaxing house building regulations, providing grants and tax concession to builders who build house on certain areas etc. The need to regulate demand is also relevant to suppress the rise in price. Thus, to stabilize the demand and supply condition of the housing market, it is necessary to maintain the macroeconomic factors that affect the housing prices. (Galati, Teppa and Alessie, n.d.) (White, 2014) References Allen, K. (2014). UK on track to be fastest growing G7 economy despite slowdown.The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/24/uk-economic-growth-slows [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. BBC News, (2014).Rates 'to stay at 0.5% this year'. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-25561477 [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Economicsonline.co.uk, (2015).UK house prices. [online] Available at: https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/House_prices.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. E-Residentials | Online Estate Agent, (2014).E-Residentials | Online Estate Agent. [online] Available at: https://www.e-residentials.co.uk/#!Mark-Carney-House-Prices-Biggest-Risk-To-Economy-/cky5/6B899536-9302-452E-AB1E-FDCEF3931DAF [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Ft.com, (2015).UK house prices: In depth news, commentary and analysis from theFinancial Times. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/indepth/uk-house-prices [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Galati, G., Teppa, F. and Alessie, R. (n.d.). Macro and Micro Drivers of House Price Dynamics: An Application to Dutch Data.SSRN Journal. Galor, O. and Weil, D. (2000). Population, Technology, and Growth: From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and Beyond.American Economic Review, 90(4), pp.806-828. Indexmundi.com, (2015).United Kingdom Population growth rate - Demographics. [online] Available at: https://www.indexmundi.com/united_kingdom/population_growth_rate.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Inman, P. (2015). Mark Carney: rising house prices pose biggest risk to recovery.The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/18/mark-carney-house-prices-risk-economy-bank-of-england [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. McGrath, M. (2014).UK faces 'significant' land shortage. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28003435 [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Monaghan, A. and Inman, P. (2014). UK unemployment falls below 2 million for first time since financial crisis.The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/15/uk-unemployment-falls-6-percent-lowest-lehman-brothers [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Ons.gov.uk, (2015).House Price Index, December 2014 - ONS. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/hpi/house-price-index/december-2014/stb-december-2014.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Pettinger, T. (2011).Factors that affect the housing market | Economics Help. [online] Economicshelp.org. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/377/housing/factors-that-affect-the-housing-market/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Positive Money, (2013).House prices: why are they so high? | Positive Money. [online] Available at: https://www.positivemoney.org/issues/house-prices/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Tan, A. (2015).Macro And Micro Factors That Make The Property Market Tick | Propertylogy. [online] Propertylogy.com. Available at: https://www.propertylogy.com/knowledge/macro-and-micro-factors-that-make-the-property-market-tick/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. The Guardian, (2014). Mortgage price war expected as UK lenders fight for market share. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/money/2014/oct/07/mortgage-price-war-uk-lenders-market-share [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. UK Parliament, (2015).Housing supply and demand. [online] Available at: https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/key-issues-for-the-new-parliament/social-reform/housing-supply-and-demand/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. White, A. (2014). Nationwide: House prices rise but so do mortgage rejections.The Telegraph. [online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/house-prices/11197402/Nationwide-House-prices-rise-but-so-do-mortgage-rejections.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015].

Anatomy Of A Psychopath Essays - English-language Films, Films

Anatomy Of A Psychopath In every man's heart there is a secret nerve that answers to the vibrations of beauty. --Christopher Morley Almost every person has a preconception of the darkest form of humanity: evil. One German film exemplifies this classic struggle of right and wrong, while addressing deeper emotional messages. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari was made in 1919 and directed by Robert Weine. The film features a character named Francis, the protagonist, who seeks revenge against Dr. Caligari and his somnambulist, Cesar?, whom he believes murdered his friend. In one specific scene, Cesar? attempts to kill a beautiful woman named Jane, Francis's fianc?e coincidentally, at Caligari's request. Judging by Cesar?'s previously witnessed brutal and robotic nature, it is assumed that as he creeps up to her gentle sleeping body that her time has expired. Magically, he cannot commit the deed. Overcome with affection, he instead lovingly reaches to cradle her head. She awakens, screams, and struggles. Cesar? snaps out of his funk and overtakes her, eventually escaping with her on his back. This intense scene conveys the message that even the darkest forms of evil are not completely devoid of humanity, giving the audience the faintest glimmer of hope that good can always shine through malevolence. Cesar? has no mind of his own; rather he is the puppet of the sinister Dr. Caligari. This is strikingly obvious just before the attack on Jane. As Cesar? slinks down the corridor to the bedchamber his movements are awkward and unnatural, similar to puppet's movements. At one point he even pauses, as if to mentally rethink the plan for murder Caligari has laid down. This attention to said murder agenda points that normal people can be highly susceptible to perform evil deeds. In essence, Cesar? is not an evil person, but one who has been mentally dominated by the evil Caligari. One could play a contemporary television therapist and venture to state that Cesar? is the victim in all of this. In fact, Cesar? the sleepwalking killer never existed before Caligari came into place. One can therefore also determine that evil spawns more evil. Kindness and humanity always find a way to shine through the depths of rage and hate. Poised in a striking position, primed to kill, something inside Cesar? snaps. He is rendered momentarily immobile, unable to perform the deed he has been commanded. Love (or at least pity) has finally surfaced! As they say, music soothes the savage beast. It appears as if beauty soothes the savage killer as well. Perhaps the human in Cesar? has finally awoken after years of slumber, for he is incapable of killing the helpless Jane. This breakdown of evil is evident in other sources, most notably Fritz Lang's M. Peter Lorre's character, a murderer, has yet another victim well in his clutches. However, a change of heart beckons his decision to let the girl free. As in Caligari, these movies help to quell one of humanity's greatest fears, at least temporarily: the fact that evil is absolute and unquestionably brutal by nature. If only the corporate world would practice the sparse compassion of these vi llains, perhaps the public opinion of big business would not be so bleak. Unfortunately, the reprise of feeling does not last long. Overcome by tenderness, yet thriving to expedite more death, Cesar? cannot keep from his dark deeds. After cradling her head softly, one of the few displays of outward affection in the entire film, the moment abruptly shatters as Jane awakes. It is debatable whether or not he would have left her unharmed had she not awakened, but the fact that she wakes destroys any hope of escape. At this sign of struggle, the moment of tenderness is but a memory, and Cesar? is once again the slave of Dr. Caligari. At this point the film footage itself ends, and it is time to attempt to piece together what is not explicitly stated on screen. The scene abounds with commentary pertinent to both the film and society. First of all, the fact that evil can be conditioned is a scary thought indeed. It was this line of thinking that led to the red scare of the 1950s in the United States. We were afraid that

Pre-Bid Joint Venture Agreement Essay Example

Pre Pre-Bid Joint Venture Agreement Essay Pre-Bid Joint Venture Agreement Essay PRE-BIDDING JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENTbetweenCompany AandCompany Bin respect ofCONSTRUCTION PROJECTTHE PRE-BIDDING JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENTThis Pre Bidding Joint Venture Agreement (â€Å"The Agreement†) entered into as of this _________ day of ________________, 20___ (being the actual date on which the Agreement will be signed) by and between: (A) Company A with their office at ___________ (hereinafter called â€Å"Party A†) of the one part(B) Company B with their office at _________________ (together with its successors and assignees hereinafter called â€Å"Party B†), of the other part Both parties shall be jointly referred to as the â€Å"Parties†.WITNESSETH:Whereas the parties hereto desire to submit a joint bid to _____________(hereinafter referred to as the Owner), for the construction of ________________(herein called the Work).WHEREAS, the parties each hereby certify and represent to each other their ability to provide their respective share of bonding capacity, finances, personnel, equipment and supervision to complete the work in the event they are the successful bidder and to sustain and pay for any losses that may be incurred;NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:1. They will jointly prepare a bid to be submitted to the Owner for a contract for the Work.2. The bid shall be submitted in the names of the undersigned as joint venturers and should a contract for said Work be obtained as a result of such bid, such contract shall be taken in the names of the undersigned, as joint venturers, or in such other name as may be agreed upon by the undersigned with the consent and approval of the Owner.3. Each and every obligation created by any such bid or contract shall be the joint and several obligation of the undersigned.4. The interest of the undersigned in any such contract, if obtained, and in the Work shall be

Typography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Typography - Essay Example Naturally then upon completion of the project, I was exposed to the experimentation of nontraditional methods of type development, while seeking design inspiration from my own environment I chose materials based on ordinary objects bought at the local 99 cent only stores. Some items students worked with plastic suction cup hooks, plastic sandwich bags and an electrical outlet adapter. The purpose of this exploration was to expose students to the potential of typographic solutions inspired from the everyday. I found each experiment to be equally inspiring. I have always been enchanted with simplicity. I think that it is the obvious which is overlooked. The materials at the 99 cent stores are consistently looked at as if they are throw-aways but imagine if an alphabet based on simplicity could work as a language for those who suffered from visual diseases. Working with the simple objects reminded me of what the original purpose of language is. We use language to communicate with others, and it think that it can be said that the majority of cultures somehow find their way into 99 cent stores, thus the culture has common elements as it is. Inventing a language from the items merely takes my concept to the next level. When we look at Chinese, Japanese and Egyptian lettering, we see beautiful art forms. The same very much exists in my project.

Application of Middle Range Theory to Problem Research Paper

Application of Middle Range Theory to Problem - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that middle range theory is a theory which is inclusive, organized and abstract and has a limited scope. It mainly focuses on the concepts of pain, grief, hope, comfort, and quality of life to patients.   In addition, mid-range theory focuses on the relationship between nursing and the patients’ environment. This theory was pioneered by Florence Nightingale. She was born in Florence Italy on 12 May 1820. Florence was a second daughter of William and Frances, who was very wealthy.   And that made her mother, Frances, to want her to be married to a rich man, however, Florence a devout Christian at age 17 and realized that God called her to serve Him so she could not get married to the man. Even though could not make out how God wanted her to serve him, she, however, discovered it in 1944 and started nursing the sick. This really horrified her parents because by that time nursing was not a respectable job since nurses were often dru nk coupled with dreadful conditions of the hospitals. The family really tried to stop her, but she was determined to sacrifice herself even though she had no nursing experience. This made her go to Kaiserwerth in Germany in 1851 to learn. In 1853, Nightingale was offered her first post of reorganizing a small hospital in Harvey Street, London was known as the Institution for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances.   While here, she did an excellent job of reorganizing the hospital.... In 1860, she opened the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St Thomas Hospital. Nightingale greatly raised the nursing standards. In her old age, Florence suffered from ill health and therefore she went blind and therefore become invalid by the mid-1890s. In 1907, she was awarded the Order of Merit. She died on 13 August 1910 (Nightingale & Valle?e, 2001). She is viewed as a mother the mother of modern nursing because she developed modern nursing by synthesizing the information she gathered in many of her life experiences. She realized that the major component of nursing care is the manipulation of the physical environment (Nightingale & Valle?e, 2001). Nightingale identified that the major areas of the environment that the nurse could control is light, cleanliness of rooms, ventilation and warmth, variety, noise, bed and beddings, walls and nutrition. For the client to counter the environmental stress in case one or more aspects are out of balance, he/she must use increased en ergy. In her theory, Florence advocated the two essential behaviors by the nurse. Firstly, a nurse should ask what the client needed or wanted for instance asking what the patient believe that is wrong. Secondly, she advocated the use of observation. Nightingale used precise observations that concern all aspects of the patient’s environment and physical health. She outlined that the main role of nurses is to place their patients in the best position so that the nature can act upon him, therefore, encouraging healing (Nightingale & Valle?e, 2001). This is the main application of Nightingale's theory in practice. It was the nurses’ responsibility to assist

Ideal Education in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ideal Education in America - Essay Example Based on the paper, education represents one of the fundamental backbones of contemporary social organization. While there are many aspects of the ideal education in America, one of the most important aspects is that education function to aid an individual to discover what is inside of them. One of the important considerations in these regards was raised by education theorist Sydney Harris in her essay ‘What true education should do’. In this essay, Harris states, â€Å"genuine education†¦is not inserting the stuffings of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is the drawing out of what is in the mind† (Harris). This view of education considers that while ostensibly education is the process of learning this does not necessitate that the individual simply learns ‘things’. Instead, the ideal education must consider the process of education. Harris further notes, â€Å"The job of teaching is not to stuff them and the n seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us† (Harris). In this context of understanding, it’s clear that instead of simply educating the student in a series of objective facts as much of America education does, the ideal education must be a fluid process that considers the subjective perspectives and abilities of each student. This ideal education then aids the student in discovering their abilities and reaching their full potential. Another prominent aspect of the ideal education in America is that education develops creative and critical thinking skills. Within this context of understanding, one considers many aspects of the American educational system that fail to accomplish these elements. Uninspired teachers in all departments too frequently resort to strictly following proscribed curriculum measures and treating students as receptacles of knowledge.  

Green Logistics Management

Green Logistics Management Green logistics can be defined as coordinating the general logistical activities comprising freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and all the relevant activities required to move products through the supply chain in a way that meets customer requirements at minimum cost with an environmental concern. The main objective is examining different possible ways to reduce the external costs of logistics associated mainly with climate change, air pollution, noise etc and achieving a more sustainable balance between economic, environmental and social objectives. 2. Literature review on green logistics Researchers have been working on various mathematical techniques, heuristics, combinatorial optimization and practical methods for developing new and more sustainable methodologies to reverse logistics for the collection, recycling and disposal of waste products. With the help of some illustrative examples, the project is focussed on developing basic understanding of how new techniques and the operating practices could contribute to effective domestic waste management. Peirce and Davidson (1982) used a linear optimization technique to formulate the problem of transportation routing among transfer stations, disposal facilities, and long term storage impoundments but limiting the model to determination of cost effective waste transportation routes. Jennings and scholars (1984) formulated the regional hazardous waste management system as simply a vehicle routing problem aiming for either reducing cost or risk. Zografos and Samara (1990) dealt with the problem of a single type of waste to achieve the objectives of minimizing transportation risk, travelling time and disposal costs but, the demerits are that each centre is affected only by its closest facility and all the different source points can send its hazardous waste to only one treatment facility. Hu et al (2002) made use of a linear programming model to investigate the cost reduction of decision making support system used for managing the multi source waste reverse flows again limiting the objective only to cost factor. Alumur and kara (2007) used Multi-objective mixed integer programming model with dual objectives of minimizing cost and risk factor in hazardous waste logistics. They focussed mainly on the factors that decide the appropriate location for treatment facilities, dumping sites and the relevant technology needed to route various sources of waste subject to constraints. The considered model was implemented in Central Anatolian region of Turkey. Their research shed light on using multi-period concept to the existing model to schedule the processing of different types of waste. 2.1 Domestic waste management Though the above research work was quite old, it contributed much towards the waste management. They made a foundation for further research where we can combine both the objectives of cost reduction as well as environmental benefits. Solid waste is a critical environmental problem in both developed and developing countries. The growing environmental concern from citizens, governments and various industrialists demand new methods and technologies to address the problems involved in waste management that pose a threat to the environment. Domestic waste logistics is one of the key areas that could have a huge impact on the environment with the growing population if not given enough attention. The very common problem in developing countries regarding solid waste management is lack of sufficient technical and financial resources. The available resources can think of only collection and logistics costs, leaving no resources for safe final disposal (Collivignarelli et al., 2004). The green logistics objective can be served in several ways addressing sustainable domestic waste disposal. Some of them are mentioned below: What collection system should be applied for easy disposal of different types of wastes such as recyclable and non-recyclable? Where to locate the garbage accumulation areas and collection points? How big the fleet of vehicles should be and how feasible it is to have multiple compartment vehicles to collect different sources of waste separately at one time? How many containers and of what type should be assigned to each area? Which are the most appropriate collection routes depending on the demand, traffic and other practical constraints? What frequency of collection should be applied to each area? There has been a significant amount of research work going on addressing one or more of the above problems with the green logistics objective. For an extensive discussion on green logistics objectives one can refer to Sheu 2007, which is the recent review published in this area where they used coordinated reverse logistics management system which was formulated as multi-objective linear programming model for treating hazardous waste. The time varying waste collection amount associated with each given waste type was regulated by reverse logistics system and this was further coordinated with other activities such as storage, processing, distribution and final treatment. By using these two factors, the author could successfully design a model that searches for system-wide optimization condition considering both the reverse logistics operational costs and also the environmental impact through risk constraints. The model saved 58% operational costs with the inclusion of green logistics ob jective comparatively with the earlier versions of other authors where only a cost factor was considered. Though the above research work proves to be beneficial from cost as well as environmental perspective, is it really the same in every case? As the objective starts shifting the full attention towards green, economical and more of an environmental friendly objectives, the long term results sometimes have to be compromised although it proves more costly. There are various functional elements involved in the waste management such as waste generation, collection, separation, handling, storage and treatment, logistics and final dumping. In general, the same problem requires different objectives depending upon whose requirement it is. From business perspective, the best solution would be the one with the least cost, while for the government the best solution would be the one with the least risk (referring to human life). Therefore, for any proposed mathematical model, there should always be a compromise solution considering these different objectives. Conceptual approach by Chang and Davila (2007) made a great success in diverting recyclables, green waste from the municipal solid waste streams to energy, composting and recycling facilities. They analysed the existing solid waste management strategies for better improvement using minimax regret optimization techniques with multiple criteria. Researchers also shifting their attention towards using Life cycle analysis for evaluating different strategies involved in waste management. Ahluwalia and Nema (2007) presented a life cycle based multi-objective model to support decision makers in integrated waste management. They evaluated the management budget and life cycle of different types of computer waste for different objectives of cost, business risk and environmental impact. The main idea of Life cycle approach is recycling computer waste which otherwise leads to the loss of potential resources and can have a huge impact on the environment as well. Sbihi and Eglese (2007) mentioned the importance of multi-time step model in Combinatorial optimization and Green Logistics. They highlighted the variation in waste generation at any source node with time and about uncertainty with the data related to waste generation. In response to that, Ahluwalia and Nema (2007) identified the factors responsible for the computer waste and their contribution to the environmental pollution. Multiple objectives of economy, health and environmental risk involved with various computer waste management activities were assessed with the help of an integer linear goal programming based multi-time step optimal material flow analysis model. Several treatment and disposal facilities were selected and assigned optimum quantities of waste to them along chosen transportation routes, depending on different priorities to cost and risk. The uncertainty factor related to waste generation quantities also taken into consideration using Monte Carlo simulation. There are also some studies in the literature that are concerned only with the vehicle routing problem but the research objective seem to be very interesting from waste management perspective. These studies attempt to find the best possible routes for a given network with the objective of minimizing transportation cost subject to various constraints. Part of the model developed in our project uses a multi-compartment vehicle in which different sources of domestic wastes can be collected separately at the collection point itself using several vehicles EL Fallahi et al 2008. Using this concept of multi-compartment vehicle for waste collection might reduce the burden of segregating them later at the dumping site. This also might reduce the cost involved in diverting the recyclable and non-recyclable wastes to their corresponding processing centres, making the waste collection process not only economically profitable but can also make the recycling process more environmental friendly. Some times depending on the type of objective that is involved, constraints play a critical role. For instance, while dealing with the logistics of hazardous wastes, public safety is a serious constraint without which the model will be invalid. Highly toxic wastes like by-products of nuclear power plants needed to be transported to a safer environment. YW Chen et al (2008) planned safest transportation of nuclear waste by integrating the multi-objective (minimizing the travel time, transportation risk and the exposed population) shortest route problem having actual road network attributes of GIS (geographic information systems) with environmental systems research institute (ESRI). 8. The importance of environmental protection resulted in a set of new waste management goals in the reverse logistics system planning. Pati RK et al (2008) formulated a mixed integer goal programming to study the inter-relationship between the multiple objectives of a recycled paper distribution network. The objectives considered are reduction in reverse logistics cost; product quality improvement through increased segregation at the source; and environmental benefits through increased waste paper recovery. The model has been illustrated through a problem at paper recycling in India. It says that the model can also be extended to other areas of reverse logistics systems involving conservation of natural resources such as recycling of plastic wastes. This model can also be used for determining the facility location, route and flow of various types of recyclable waste paper in the multi-item, multi-echelon and multi-facility decision making framework. Future research Including non-linearities and stochasticity of parameters in the above linear model. Extending the model to other reverse logistics problem areas involving the environmental issues and conservation of natural resources such as recycling of plastic wastes. - Third report 1. Lund and Clark II (2008) highlighted various transportation technologies and the link to stationary power generation that may help to reduce the impact of both energy and transportation sectors on global warming and climate change. He made a point based on the past literature that no single technology appears to be able to solve the carbon footprint problem on its own. This special issue focussed on the methodologies and practices applied to the analysis of coherent sustainable energy and transportation systems in order to reverse the climate change. He focussed on the information available from literature review, mainly on the use of electric and hybrid technologies in the transportation sector with renewable energy source. But it appears to me that even with the mass introduction of these technologies, the impact on environment may again increase with more electricity generation (exception for wind and hydro electric power). He mentioned in his paper that Professor Woodrow Clark discussed how green energy from renewable energy sources can play a significant role in protecting the environment while providing power for building and transportation. This issue is based on the presentation from special session on Sustainable Energy and Transportation Systems which was part of 4th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, June 4-8, 2007, Dubrovnik, Croatia. 2. Siu 2007 reviewed a number of innovative light weight transit systems with the objective to serve as a reference to decision makers who are involved in the planning and design of sustainable transportation systems. Siu argues that building more roads to relieve traffic congestion achieves nothing more than encouraging more vehicles to use them, resulting in more carbon emissions. This paper again focussed on the use of latest technologies namely the battery-electric, hybrid-electric and fuel cells buses. It says that the electric drives are appealing the transit operators because of reduced or zero vehicle emissions and increased efficiency. With efficient use of these innovative transit technologies in the distribution and logistics sector would certainly help to achieve the goal of green logistics. 3. Wadhwa et al 2008 proposed a multi-criterion decision making (MCDM) model based on fuzzy set theory. It is a flexible decision modelling of reverse logistics system: A value adding MCDM approach for alternative selection which can be helpful in designing effective and efficient flexible return policy depending on various criteria. This fuzzy decision methodology provides an alternative framework to deal with the complexities involved in reverse logistics and giving the best decision strategy for product recovery system. It requires quantitative and qualitative evaluation based on criteria such as cost, time, legislative factors, environmental impact, quality and quality. This paper combines fuzzy based flexible MCDM and reverse logistics for alternate selections. Future research The model serves to enhance the progressive introduction of applying artificial intelligence future research in terms of developing a group decision support system. 4. EL Fallahi et al 2008. A memetic algorithm and a tabu search for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem. Computers and Operations research 2008; 35: 1725-1741 A general vehicle routing problem where a customer can order different products which will be delivered using identical vehicles using several compartments, each compartment being dedicated to one product is considered in this paper. The author used two algorithms known as memetic algorithm with a post optimization phase based on path relinking and a tabu search to solve the above problem. Path re-linking is the method to combine intensification and diversification in tabu search. It mainly concentrates on the exploration of links connecting pairs of good solutions in search space hoping for better solutions along these paths. This technique is generally used after the tabu search metaheuristic. Tabu search is a heuristic method designed to guide other methods, including local search algorithms to escape local optima. Its distinctive feature is the use of a memory to search the best possible solutions subject to certain constraints like forbidden moves (tabu). The above algorithms are compared for both multi-compartment and single compartment and found that splitting the compartments improved the results on average. References: Ahluwalia PK, Nema AK. A Goal Programming Based Multi-Time Step Optimal Material Flow Analysis Model for Integrated Computer Waste Management. Journal of Environmental Informatics 2007; 10(2): 82-98 Ahluwalia PK, Nema AK. A life cycle based multi-objective optimization model for the management of computer waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2007; 51: 792-826 Alumur S, Kara BY. A new model for the hazardous waste location-routing problem. Computers and operations research 2007; 34: 1406-1423 Bautista J, Fernandez E, Pereira J. Solving an urban waste collection problem using ant heuristics. Computers and operations research 2008; 35: 3020-3033 Bodin L, Kursh SA. A computer-assisted system for the routing and scheduling of street sweepers. Operations Research 1978; 26(4):525-37. Bodin L, Kursh SA. A detailed description of a computer system for the routing and scheduling of street sweepers. Computers and Operations Research 1979; 6:181-98. Chang NB, Davila E. Minimax regret optimization analysis for a regional solid waste management system. Waste management 2007; 27: 820-832 Chen YW, Wang CH, Lin SJ. A multi-objective geographic information system for route selection of nuclear waste transport. Omega 2008; 36:363-372. Cheung BKS, Choy KL, Li C-L, Shi W, Tang J. Dynamic routing model and solution methods for fleet management with mobile technologies. International journal of production economics 2008; 113: 694-705. Corberà ¡n A, Martà ­ R, Martà ­nez E, Soler D. The rural postman problem on mixed graphs with turn penalties. Computers and Operations Research 2002; 29:887-903. Hu T-L, Sheu J-B, Huang K-H. A reverse logistics cost minimization model for the treatment of hazardous wastes. Transportation Research Part E 2002; 38(6):457-73. J.B Sheu. Coordinated reverse logistics system for regional management of multi-source hazardous wastes. Computers and operations research 2007; 34: 1442-1462 Jennings AA, Scholar RL .Hazardous waste disposal network analysis. Journal of Environmental Engineering (ASCE) 1984; 110(2):325-42. Pati RK, Vrat P, Kumar P. A goal programming model for paper recycling system. Omega 2008; 36: 405-417. Peirce JJ, Davidson GM. Linear programming in hazardous waste management. Journal of Environmental Engineering1982; 108(5):1014-26. Roy S, Rousseau JM. The Capacitated Canadian Postman Problem. INFOR 1989; 27(1):58-73. Tsoulfas GT, Pappis CP, Minner S. An environmental analysis of the reverse supply chain of SLI batteries. Resources Conservation and Recycling 2002; 36:135-54. Zografos KG, Samara SSA. Combined location-routing model for hazardous waste transportation and disposal. Transportation Research Record 1990; 1245:52-9. Lund H, Clark II WW. Sustainable energy and transportation systems introduction and overview. Utilities policy 2008; 16: 59-62 Siu LK. Innovative Lightweight Transit Technologies for Sustainable Transportation. Journanl of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 2007; 7(2): 63-71. Wadhwa S, et al. Flexible decision modeling of reverse logistics system: A value adding MCDM approach for alternative selection. Robotics and Computer-Integer Manufacturing (2008), doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2008.01.006 El Fallahi A, Prins C, Calvo R W. A memetic algorithm and a tabu search for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem. Computers and Operations research 2008; 35:1725-1741.

American Encounters :: essays research papers

Who Speaks The Voice Of History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The facts of history in the eyes of Americans have been viewed in many lights. The Smithsonian exhibit entitled, “American Encounters'; is no exception. This multimedia exhibit focuses on American Indians, Hispanics and Anglo-Americans in New Mexico. Although the exhibit contains many noteworthy facts about the culture and lifestyle of the Indians, in my opinion, many other aspects of Native American history were left in the shadows. The Smithsonian did not clearly illuminate the struggle and oppression which the Indians endured during the European settlement. This obscured information raises the issue of which historical facts are selected as notable. E.H. Carr, an historian, explains this argument with a very prominent quote from the first chapter of his book What is History. The quote states, “The facts speak only when the historian calls on them: it is he who decides to which facts to give the floor and in what order or context'; (Carr 9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As stated above, Carr believes that “facts only speak when the historian calls on them. . .'; (Carr 9). In the “American Encounters'; exhibit, the facts concerning Indian tribulation and European domination could not be heard. By all means I believe that their situation was more than just an encounter. From the statement on the plaque, one could interpret that the Europeans were given the land, or that the Europeans established forts, trading posts, and colonies to live as one with the Indeginous peoples; however, that was not the case.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consequently, Carr’s statement holds true. The authors of the exhibit choose how to present this portion of history. They decide in what context to display the facts. Obviously the authors feel that a blurb on the wall is enough to express years of struggle and strife. If visitors to the Smithsonian had no previous knowledge about the conflict between Native Americans and the Spaniards, does this excerpt explain the real situation?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From this plaque I am taught nothing of the hardships that the Natives endured. I do not learn that thousands of Indigenous lives were taken at the hands of the Spaniards simply to acquire land that wasn’t theirs. I do not learn that families and tribes were broken up in order to teach the Europeans how to survive. To my dismay no artifacts, pictures or any other type of visual display told this side of the story. It is the responsibility of the authors of this exhibit to accurately convey the facts and clearly elaborate on them.